This book reports the majority of lectures given during the NATO Advanced Study Institute ASI-982996, which was held at the European Scientific Institute of Archamps (ESI, Archamps - France) from November 15 to November 27, 2007. The ASI course was structured in two parts: the first was dedicated to what is often called "teletherapy", i. e. radiotherapy with external beams, while the second focused on internal radiotherapy, also called "brachytherapy" or "curietherapy" in honour of Madame Curie who initiated the technique about a century ago. This ASI took place after the European School of Medical Physics, which devoted a 3 week period to medical imaging, a subject complementary to the topics of this book. Courses devoted to nuclear medicine and digital imaging techniques are collected in two volumes of the NATO Science Series entitled "Physics for Medical Imaging Applications" (ISBN 978-1-4020-5650-5) and "Molecular imaging: computer reconstruction and practice" (ISBN 978-1-4020- 8751-6). Every year in autumn ESI organises the European School of Medical Physics, which covers a large spectrum of topics ranging from Medical Imaging to Radiotherapy, over a period of 5 weeks. Thanks to the Cooperative Science and Technology sub-programme of the NATO Science Division, weeks four and five were replaced this year by the ASI course dedicated to "Physics of Modern Radiotherapy & Brachytherapy". This allowed the participation of experts and students from 20 different countries, with diverse cultural background and p- fessional experience.

Preface. List of participants. Photographs. I: Introduction To Radiotherapy. Fundamental Radiobiology and its Application to Radiation Oncology; F.M.Buffa.- Accuracy Strategies in Radiotherapy; G. H. Hartmann.- 2: X-Rays Teletherapy. Dosimetry for Photons and Electrons Radiation; G. H. Hartmann.- Nomenclature in Radiotherapy; G. H. Hartmann.- Quality Assurance in Radiotherapy; A. Mckenzie.-Radiotherapy Accidents; A. Mckenzie.-Clinical Applications of 3-D Conformal Radiotherapy; R. Miralbell.- Treatment Planning: IMRT Optimization - Basic and Advanced Techniques; S. Nill.- Treatment Planning: Stereotactic Treatment Techniques; S. Nill.- Image Guided Radiotherapy;U. Oelfke.-Clinical Use of 3-D Image Registration; P. Remeijer.- Geometrical Uncertainties in Radiotherapy; P. Remeijer.-Delivery of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Including Compensation for Organ Motion; S. Webb.- 3: Hadrontherapy. Hadrontherapy: Cancer Treatment with Proton and Carbon Beams; U. Amaldi and G. Kraft.- Proton Therapy; U Oelfke.- 4: Brachytherapy. Photon Sources for Brachytherapy; A. Rijnders.-Calibration of Photon Sources for Brachytherapy; A. Rijnders.- Cancer of the Cervix: Examples of Bt Treatment Techniques; I.- L. Lamm.- Paris System for Interstitial Brachytherapy; G. Marinello.-Solid State Detectors for Quality Assurance in Brachytherapy; G. Marinello.- Monte Carlo Application in Brachytherapy Dosimetry; J. Perez- Calatayud et al.- Appendix.